Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo nyeem ntau phau ntawv hais txog jade thaum ub. Cov hauj lwm kev kawm no muaj kev paub nplua nuj. Piv txwv li, Wu Dazheng's Textual Research on Ancient Jade in the lig Qing Dynasty, Yang Boda's Contemporary Complete Works of Chinese Art: Jade, Zhang Guangwen's Historical Tales of Jade, Li Yinghao's Identification of Ancient Jade, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov thib ob, kev sib cuag ncaj qha yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Cov jade thaum ub tiag tiag yog qub, hnyav, mos, du, ntuj, huv si, thiab noo. Xinyu tsis muaj cov kev xav no. Ancient imitated jade tshwm nyob rau hauv Song Dynasty. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, muaj ib co neeg forged qaib ntshav qin nrog iridescent nyom. Tom qab Qing Dynasty, ntau thiab ntau cov khoom cuav raug tsim. Kuj tseem muaj kev tsim tsis tau pom dua, xws li "dog jade", "jade yaj", thiab "cua jade", uas nyiam cov neeg nyiam.
Qhov zoo ntawm jade feem ntau txiav txim los ntawm tsib yam: kev ntxhib los mos, hardness, pob tshab, tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab xim. Kev ntxhib los mos ntawm jade yog hais txog qhov zoo nkauj thiab luster ntawm jade. Ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm jade thiab pob zeb yog tias jade yog muag heev, sov, ruaj, translucent, thiab glossy li rog; Lub pob zeb yog ntxhib thiab qhuav, tsis muaj luster, thiab feem ntau yog opaque. Hardness yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm jade los tiv thaiv sab nraud quab yuam (xws li nias, engraving thiab sib tsoo). Qhov siab dua qhov hardness, ntau dua qhov ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab qhov zoo ntawm jade. Txawm hais tias qhov hardness Performance index ntawm jade tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev ntsuas nws cov qauv siv lead ua nrog lub ntsuas, feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem khawb hardness. Lub hardness ntawm ntau jades nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog nruab nrab ntawm 4 thiab 6 degrees, siab tshaj ntawm tooj liab tab sis qis dua cov iav. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, jade tej zaum yuav tsis muaj peev xwm carve ib kab nyob rau hauv lub khob.
Cov neeg feem ntau paub qhov txawv ntawm lub pov haum, jades thiab cov pob zeb xim los ntawm lawv qhov nyuaj. Feem ntau hais lus, Mohs hardness ntawm gemstones yog ntau tshaj 7, xws li pob zeb diamond, rubies, sapphires, thiab emeralds, tshwj tsis yog rau Oper gemstones, uas muaj Mohs hardness ntawm 5.5; Lub Mohs hardness ntawm siab hardness jade yog nruab nrab ntawm 6-7.5, xws li Hotan jade, Nanyang jade thiab jadeite jade; Lub hardness ntawm tsawg hardness jade yog nruab nrab ntawm 4-6, xws li turquoise thiab Xiuyu (qee serpentine jade muaj qis hardness, tsawg li 2.5). Minerals hauv qab 4 feem ntau tsis hu ua jade tab sis xim pob zeb.
Ntxiv rau qhov khawb hardness, kuj tseem muaj cov qauv hardness hu ua compressive hardness, los yog indentation hardness, los yog kiag li hardness, uas yog hais txog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv sab nraud shocks. Nws tseem hu ua toughness hauv kev lag luam jade. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, qhov siab tshaj plaws compressive hardness yog Heijingang, cim li 10 degrees, ua raws li Hotan Jade, uas muaj compressive hardness ntawm 9 degrees, jadeite, ruby thiab sapphire ntawm 8 degrees, pob zeb diamond, siv lead ua thiab aquamarine ntawm 7-7. 5 degrees, thiab lwm yam, lub compressive hardness ntawm Hotan Jade yog 1000, uas ntawm jadeite yog 500, uas ntawm Xiuyu yog 250, thiab cov agate tsuas yog 5. Hotan Jade muaj xws li siab toughness vim hais tias nws siv lead ua tis yog woven. zoo li ib daim pam, thiab lub zog ntawm cov molecules zoo heev.
Hauv kev xyaum, jade craftsman feem ntau saib lub jade los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub ballast. Feem ntau, nws txiav ib daim me me, tawg nws nrog rauj me me, thiab saib qhov tawg. Piv nrog rau lub zog toughness, nws yog glassy. Lub pob zeb tawv tawv tsis yooj yim tawg, txawm tias muaj pob txha tawg, qhov tawg tsis sib xws; Qhov tawg ntawm cov iav jade yog ci los ntawm ntu, uas yog hu ua "ci ballast", zoo ib yam li cov duab ntawm lub plhaub. Jade ntawm toughness thiab glassiness feem ntau hu ua "phem" los yog "nqaij", thiab nws lub qhov ncauj slag yog granular, parallel bundle, koob, thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam no, nws tseem tuaj yeem soj ntsuam seb lub jade puas muaj cov yam ntxwv cleavage. Yog hais tias muaj cleavage los yog tawg, lub jade yuav tawg raws cov kev taw qhia ntawm cleavage los yog tawg thaum khob.
Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem pom tias Hotan Jade, jade nrog zoo heev toughness, muaj ib tug heev elasticity thaum lub sij hawm ua. Ntawm cov gemstones nrog tib los yog siab dua Mohs hardness, Hotan Jade yuav tsis tawg thaum carving, yog li nws cov kev ntxhib los mos zoo, sov thiab glossy. Tau kawg, lub toughness thiab hardness kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm jade impurities, thiab impurities kuj paub los ntawm kev ntsuas lub toughness thiab hardness — Qhov no yog ib tug kuj loj yam uas txiav txim siab siv ib daim ntawm jade. Piv txwv li, cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum tau ua rau jade thiab cov tais diav tsis nruj heev, tab sis rau kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub accessories, lub jade yuav tsum tau ua kom huv thiab txawm.
Lub hardness ntawm jade yog ib qho ntawm cov hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas cov jade, thiab cov luster ntawm lub pov haum jade kuj yog tus qauv yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb thiab qib ntawm lub pov haum jade.
Feem ntau hais lus, cov luster ntawm lub pov haum thiab cov jades tuaj yeem muab faib ua "ci", "hlawv", "flashing" thiab "tsis muaj zog". Lub teeb ci yog lub teeb ci ntsa iab uas muaj zog tshaj plaws, thiab tib neeg yuav tsum squint lawv lub qhov muag. Piv txwv li, cov pob zeb diamond polished tag nrho cov nplaim muaj qhov ci ci zoo li no; Qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm lub teeb ci kuj yog qhov siab heev. Nws yog dazzling. Tom qab polishing, cov gems uas muaj siab hardness feem ntau muaj qhov ci ci ntawm lub teeb ci; Flash hais txog qhov ci ntawm cov iav dav dav, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub teeb muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog flash. Jade nrog siab hardness feem ntau muaj zog flash, thaum jade nrog tsawg hardness yog qaug zog flash; Tom qab polishing, lub pob zeb nto nrog tsawg hardness muaj qhov ci ntawm lub teeb tsis muaj zog.
Ntxiv rau qhov ci ntsa iab, luster kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm gemstones. Nws tseem tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: semi metallic luster, refractive index ntawm 2.6-3, xws li goethite; Pob zeb diamond luster, refractive index ntawm 1.9-2.6, xws li pob zeb diamond; Cov luster refractive index ntawm iav yog 1.3-1.9, xws li jadeite; Cov roj yog ci, zoo li tsiaj rog, thiab nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov jade dawb nrog nqaij nyuj rog hauv Hetian Yuzhong. Txhua lub pob zeb tshwj xeeb muaj qhov tshwj xeeb refractive index. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj kom ua tau raws li cov khoom siv hloov pauv raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm hardness, ntom, refractive index thiab brightness. Yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv no tuaj yeem paub meej tias tus kheej thiab tus nqi ua ntej ntawm lub pov haum pob zeb.
Tam sim no, fake jade synthesized los ntawm dag zog siab nrog jade hmoov tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Cov xim thiab hardness zoo ib yam li cov Hotan jade, yog li yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb thaum txheeb xyuas. Cov jade thaum ub muaj xws li lub ntiaj teb Qin, txiv qaub Qin, mercury Qin, corpse ntshav Qin, cinnabar Qin, tooj liab Qin, nto oxide txheej, thiab lwm yam. Qee qhov fake Qin me ntsis yog kib, ib co ci, thiab ib co yog etched nrog tshuaj tov. . Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub meej qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb thiab qhov cuav ntawm cov xim, luster, tuab, thiab lwm yam. Cov kab thiab cov seem ntawm cov khoom siv jade yog txawv, nrog rau V-shaped, semicircular thiab U-shaped. U-shaped yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub. Lub carved kab notches thiab nto yog ci, thiab cov uas zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv cov xim, txheej, thiab lwm yam. yog tiag tiag; Nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm niaj hnub "machinists" uas muaj cov kab nrib pleb ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kab notches.
